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Land and Liberty (Russia)
Land and Liberty was a Russian clandestine revolutionary organization of ''Narodniki'' (middle- or upper-class revolutionaries attempting to spread socialism in rural areas) in the 1870s. In Russian, it is Земля и воля, transliterated ''Zemlya i volya'' or ''Zemlia i volia'', and translated usually as ''Land and Liberty'' or ''Land and Freedom''.
Land and Liberty received its name in the late 1878 with the creation of the printing shop with the same name. Its former names were ''Severnaya revolyutsionno-narodnicheskaya gruppa'' (Северная революционно-народническая группа, or The ''Northern Revolutionary Group of Narodniki'') and ''Obschestvo narodnikov'' (Общество народников, or The ''Society of Narodniki'').
==Program==
The formation of Land and Liberty, in Saint Petersburg in 1876, was preceded by the analysis of the Call to the people campaign (''Хождение в народ'', or Khozhdeniye v narod) of 1873-1875. As a result, the members of Land and Liberty defined the basics of the political platform, which would be called ''narodnicheskaya'' (народническая, or "close to the people", populist). They admitted a possibility of a special, non-capitalist way of development of Russia with peasantry as its basis. The members of Land and Liberty considered necessary to adapt the purposes and slogans of the movement to independent revolutionary aspirations that had already existed among the peasants, as they believed. These requirements, generalized in the slogan "Land and Liberty!", were designed to allow for the transition of all the lands "into the hands of the rural working strata", even distribution of the land, "full communal self-management" and division of the Russian empire into parts "in accordance with the desires of the locals". Land and Liberty stood for the creation of permanent "revolutionary settlements" in the countryside for the purpose of preparing a people’s revolution.
The members of Land and Liberty saw peasantry as the principal revolutionary force, as opposed to the working class, which would have to play a part of the "second fiddle". Proceeding from the inevitability of a "forced coup d'état", the revolutionaries considered agitation and organization of revolts, demonstrations and strikes to be very important. Land and Liberty represented a "rebellious" current of the revolutionary movement of the 1870s. Vladimir Lenin said that Land and Liberty’s merit was its desire to "...attract all of the discontent and direct the organization towards decisive struggle against autocracy". Discipline, mutual comradely control, centralism and conspiracy became this organization’s principles.
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